Responsive design?

Let’s first take a minute to talk about responsive design. This term was coined in 2010 or so by Ethan Marcotte—wrapping a name around a *progressive enhancement* and mobile first web design approach/philosophy that had been growing in the mid-2000s (sometimes called liquid, flexible, fluid, or elastic design). Instead of serving a desktop site and a separate, minimal mobile version (if at all)—you could instead adapt one site.

There was a confluence of events that allowed this: modern, self-updating browsers, and then the explosion of *the mobile web—*precipitated, in no small part, by the iPhone in 2007. It ran a desktop-class browser (in terms of functionality), which hadn’t been available in a small screen before. And with its crazy success —and subsequent proliferation of its paradigm in Android—the web, and then word, scrambled to respond.

Decent illustration from Wikipedia.

`meta name="viewport"`

You might have noticed this line in the head of our HTML templates:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

When the iPhone came on the scene, sites didn’t have narrow/smaller (responsive) layouts so the phone would instead scale or zoom out a desktop site design to fit. Websites then were often designed to a standard 960px width, which the phone shrank down to its 320px screen—and then the user could zoom in or out. It worked, but it was less than ideal.

This meta element tells the browser not to do this. It says, “I have a responsive design! Render me at my actual size.”

The width=device-width tells the browser to use whatever the screen’s actual pixel dimension is, and initial-scale=1 sets the starting zoom of the page to 100%. This is how the browser knows how to make the page respond, and how our CSS rules know what width to use.

From the iPhone introduction, worth a watch. He definitely “dented the universe.”

Simpler times.

Media queries

Responsive design could only really flourish when CSS added the @media at-rule around the same time. These are colloquially called media queries, and they allow us to check if screen is a certain width or resolution (or other features, which we’ll get to)—and then apply selective CSS only in that scenario.